<![CDATA[☆☆ 卢伟个人主页 _____ ☆☆☆☆☆ _____ Lu Wei's Homepage ☆☆]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/PJBlog32010-02-22T18:02:21+08:00<![CDATA[对外汉语多媒体教学课件设计---教学大纲]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2010-02-22T18:02:21+08:002010-02-22T18:02:21+08:00英文名称：Designing Multimedia Courseware for TCSOL 教学对象：2009级汉语国际教育硕士（海外生） 开课学期：2009-2010学年春季学期 周学时/总学时：2/34 学分：2 教学方式：课堂讲授、课件演示与设计例释 考试方式：课件设计与制作（包括课件及其设计报告） 内容提要： 本课程的主要教学内容包括汉语多媒体教学课件设计的基本概念和基础知识、汉语多媒体教学课件制作的常用技术、汉语多媒体教学课件设计解析、汉语多媒体教学课件资源及应用等。 The main contents include some basic concepts and rudiments of multimedia courseware design for TCSOL, commonly-used technologies in multimedia courseware development, exemplification and demonstration of TCSOL multimedia courseware design, and resources and application of TCSOL multimedia courseware. 教学目标： 本课程通过课堂讲授、课件演示与设计例释，帮助学生了解汉语多媒体教学课件设计的基本概念和基础知识，着重帮助学生掌握汉语多媒体教学课件制作的常用技术和技巧，培养学生设计和制作汉语多媒体课件辅助汉语教学的实际能力。 Objectives: Through lectures, demonstrations and exemplifications, this course aims at familiarizing students with some basic concepts and rudiments of multimedia courseware design for TCSOL, with focus on enabling them to have a good command of commonly-used technologies in multimedia courseware development, and cultivating their practical ability to design and develop multimedia courseware to assist Chinese teaching. 教材： 郑艳群编著，汉语多媒体教学课件设计，北京语言文化大学出版社2009年出版。 参考书： 郑艳群，计算机技术与世界汉语教学，外语教学与研究出版社2008年出版。 崔永华编著，对外汉语教学设计导论，北京语言大学出版社2008年出版。 胡隆主编，计算机辅助外语教学——多媒体和网络的应用，上海外语教育出版2001年出版。 张森、宗绪锋编著，多媒体CAI课件基本原理与制作技术，北京航空航天大学出版社2000年出版。 周恕义主编，多媒体CAI开发实用教程，中国水利水电出版社1999年出版。 Heinich, Robert, et al. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning (7th ed.). Pearson Education/Higher Education Press. 2002.]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=159<![CDATA[New Publications of Linguistic Data Consortium]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2010-01-26T15:28:41+08:002010-01-26T15:28:41+08:00- Newly Expanded Press Release Section - - Upcoming LDC Institute Seminar - New Publications: LDC2010T02 - Czech Broadcast News MDE Transcripts - LDC2010T03 - GALE Phase 1 Chinese Newsgroup Parallel Text - Part 2 - LDC2010T01 - NIST Open Machine Translation 2008 Evaluation (MT08) Selected Reference and System Translations - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Newly Expanded Press Release Section
Recall reading a newsletter article about the Reduced Licensing Fee but unsure what you did with the email? Curious as to which organization was the recipient of LDC's 15,000th corpus distribution nearly eight years ago? If so, be sure to visit LDC's newly expanded Press Release section on our What's New! What's Free! page to read about these topics and more. The Press Release section includes the articles of previous newsletters as well as major announcements from LDC. Information is organized into the following categories:
15th Anniversary Monthly Spotlight Archive - as part of our 15th Anniversary celebration in 2007, we highlighted one aspect of the LDC in our monthly newsletters. These features provided our members and data users with a glimpse of the broad range of LDC’s research activities.
Conference Attendance by LDC - recent publisher displays and conference participation by LDC.
Etc. - recent collaborations and grant awards plus other announcements.
Membership Mailbag Archive - to address the questions that our data users have asked, we introduced our Membership Mailbag series of newsletter articles in May 2008. This periodic series addresses frequently asked questions about LDC data, the LDC Intranet, and the benefits of an LDC membership.
Member Surveys - LDC conducted two end-of-year surveys to obtain feedback on satisfaction levels with LDC Membership and data releases as well as our corpus catalog, and to gather suggestions on future publications.
Milestones and Celebrations - information on our landmark corpora distributions and events to celebrate our 10th and 15th anniversary years.
Use of LDC Corpora in University Summer Schools - ways LDC corpora have been used for teaching purposes at university summer school programs.
The Press Release section will be updated as new announcements are made so we anticipate that this will be a great resource for information about LDC.
- Upcoming LDC Institute Seminar -
The LDC Institute will hold its next session on Tuesday, January 26, 2010, from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. in the LDC Conference Room at LDC's Philadelphia offices, 3600 Market Street, Suite 810.
The topic of this session will be the U.S. Supreme Court Corpus (SCOTUS) presented by Daniel Katz, J.D., M.P.P., Fellow in Empirical Legal Studies, Michigan Law School, PhD Candidate, Political Science and Public Policy, University of Michigan, and Michael Bommarito, PhD Student, Political Science: Methods & Modeling, University of Michigan.
ABSTRACT: The corpus of Supreme Court written opinions is a rich linguistic resource. Not only does this corpus provide a longitudinal sample of formal American English, but it is also a source of text with identified authors and vote-coded sentiment. Despite this value and years of qualitative and quantitative material of the United States Supreme Court, no compiled corpus of these opinions is currently available to researchers. The purpose of this talk is (1) to describe efforts to compile both the complete corpus of Supreme Court Opinions and associated metadata, (2) to outline a number of our current research projects utilizing this data, and (3) to discuss any criticism, potential projects, or possible collaboration.
Refreshments will be provided. If you are in the area, we hope to see you there!
New Publications
(1)Czech Broadcast News MDE Transcripts was prepared by researchers at the University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic. It consists of metadata extraction (MDE) annotations for the approximately 26 hours of transcribed broadcast news speech in Czech Broadcast News Transcripts (LDC2004T01). The audio files corresponding to the transcripts in this corpus are contained in Czech Broadcast News Speech (LDC2004S01). Czech Broadcast News MDE Transcripts joins LDC's other holdings of Czech broadcast data: Czech Broadcast Conversation Speech (LDC2009S02), Czech Broadcast Conversation MDE Transcripts (LDC2009T20), Voice of America (VOA) Czech Broadcast News Audio (LDC2000S89) and Voice of America (VOA) Czech Broadcast News Transcripts (LDC2000T53).
The audio recordings were collected from February 1, 2000 through April 22, 2000 from three Czech radio stations and two television stations. The broadcasts included both public and commercial subjects and were presented in various styles, ranging from a formal style to a colloquial style more typical for commercial broadcast companies that do not primarily focus on news.
The goal of MDE research is to take raw speech recognition output and refine it into forms that are of more use to humans and to downstream automatic processes. In simple terms, this means the creation of automatic transcripts that are maximally readable. This readability might be achieved in a number of ways: removing non-content words like filled pauses and discourse markers from the text; removing sections of disfluent speech; and creating boundaries between natural breakpoints in the flow of speech so that each sentence or other meaningful unit of speech might be presented on a separate line within the resulting transcript. Natural capitalization, punctuation, standardized spelling and sensible conventions for representing speaker turns and identity are further elements in the readable transcript.
The transcripts and annotations in this corpus are stored in two formats: QAn (Quick Annotator), and RTTM. Character encoding in all files is ISO-8859-2.
Czech Broadcast News MDE Transcripts is distributed via web download.
2010 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus on disc. 2010 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$750.
(2) GALE Phase 1 Chinese Newsgroup Parallel Text - Part 2 was prepared by LDC and contains 223,000 characters (98 files) of Chinese newsgroup text and its translation selected from twenty-one sources. Newsgroups consist of posts to electronic bulletin boards, Usenet newsgroups, discussion groups and similar forums. This release was used as training data in Phase 1 (year 1) of the DARPA-funded GALE program.
Preparing the source data involved four stages of work: data scouting, data harvesting, formating and data selection.
Data scouting involved manually searching the web for suitable newsgroup text. Data scouts were assigned particular topics and genres along with a production target in order to focus their web search. Formal annotation guidelines and a customized annotation toolkit helped data scouts to manage the search process and to track progress.
Data scouts logged their decisions about potential text of interest to a database. A nightly process queried the annotation database and harvested all designated URLs. Whenever possible, the entire site was downloaded, not just the individual thread or post located by the data scout. Once the text was downloaded, its format was standardized so that the data could be more easily integrated into downstream annotation processes. Typically, a new script was required for each new domain name that was identified. After scripts were run, an optional manual process corrected any remaining formatting problems.
The selected documents were then reviewed for content-suitability using a semi-automatic process. A statistical approach was used to rank a document's relevance to a set of already-selected documents labeled as "good." An annotator then reviewed the list of relevance-ranked documents and selected those which were suitable for a particular annotation task or for annotation in general. These newly-judged documents in turn provided additional input for the generation of new ranked lists.
Manual sentence units/segments (SU) annotation was also performed as part of the transcription task. Three types of end of sentence SU were identified: statement SU, question SU, and incomplete SU. After transcription and SU annotation, files were reformatted into a human-readable translation format and assigned to professional translators for careful translation. Translators followed LDC's GALE Translation guidelines which describe the makeup of the translation team, the source data format, the translation data format, best practices for translating certain linguistic features and quality control procedures applied to completed translations.
GALE Phase 1 Chinese Newsgroup Parallel Text - Part 2 is distributed via web download.
2010 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus on disc. 2010 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$1500.
(3) NIST Open Machine Translation 2008 Evaluation (MT08) Selected Reference and System Translations. NIST Open MT is an evaluation series to support research in, and help advance the state of the art of, technologies that translate text between human languages. Participants submit machine translation output of source language data to NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology); the output is then evaluated with automatic and manual measures of quality against high quality human translations of the same source data. This program supports the growing interest in system combination approaches that generate improved translations from output of several different machine translation (MT) systems. MT system combination approaches require data sets composed of high-quality human reference translations and a variety of machine translations of the same text. The NIST Open Machine Translation 2008 Evaluation (MT08) Selected Reference and System Translations set addresses this need.
The data in this release consists of the human reference translations and corresponding machine translations for the NIST Open MT08 test sets, which consist of newswire and web data in the four MT08 language pairs: Arabic-to-English, Chinese-to-English, English-to-Chinese (newswire only) and Urdu-to-English. Two documents per language pair and genre were removed at random from the test sets for release. For the machine translations, only output from one submission per training condition (Constrained and Unconstrained training, where available) per participant is included. See section 2 of the MT08 Evaluation Plan for a description of the training conditions. The resulting data set has the following characteristics:
Arabic-to-English: 120 documents with 1312 segments, output from 17 machine translation systems. Chinese-to-English: 105 documents with 1312 segments, output from 23 machine translation systems. English-to-Chinese: 127 documents with 1830 segments, output from 11 machine translation systems. Urdu-to-English: 128 documents with 1794 segments, output from 12 machine translation systems. The data is organized and annotated in such a way that subsets for each language pair and/or data genre and/or training condition can be extracted and used separately, depending on the user's needs.
NIST Open Machine Translation 2008 Evaluation (MT08) Selected Reference and System Translations is distributed via web download.
2010 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus on disc. 2010 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$200. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ilya Ahtaridis Membership Coordinator -------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguistic Data Consortium Phone: (215) 573-1275 University of Pennsylvania Fax: (215) 573-2175 3600 Market St., Suite 810 ldc@ldc.upenn.edu Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA http://www.ldc.upenn.edu]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=158<![CDATA[New Publications of Linguistic Data Consortium]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2009-12-21T21:56:40+08:002009-12-21T21:56:40+08:00- LDC to Close for Winter Break - - Planned Maintenance - Jan 10, 2010 - New Publications: LDC2009T29 - ACL Anthology Reference Corpus -
LDC2009T30 - Arabic Gigaword Fourth Edition - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LDC and Oxford University Receive Digging into Data Challenge Grant LDC and its research team partner Oxford University are one of eight international research teams to have been awarded the first Digging into Data Challenge grants for projects that promote innovative humanities and social science research using large-scale data analysis. Four leading research agencies sponsor the international competition: The Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) from the United Kingdom, the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation (NSF) from the United States and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council from Canada.
LDC and Oxford University (with the participation of the The British Library) have been funded by NSF and JISC, respectively, for a project entitled “Mining a Year of Speech,” which will focus on creating tools to enable rapid and flexible access to more than 9,000 hours of spoken audio files. Those files contain a wide variety of speech drawn from some of the leading British and American spoken word corpora, allowing for news kinds of linguistic analysis.
Further information about the Digging into Data Challenge can be found on the project website.
LDC to Close for Winter Break
LDC will be closed from Friday, December 25, 2009 through Friday, January 1, 2010 in accordance with the University of Pennsylvania Winter Break Policy. Our offices will reopen on Monday, January 4, 2010. Requests received for membership renewals and corpora will be processed at that time.
Best wishes for a happy and safe holiday season!
Planned Maintenance - Jan 10, 2010
Please take note:
As a result of planned electrical maintenance, LDC's website, including the Intranet and catalog, will not be accessible on Sunday, January 10, 2010 from 12 AM EST to approximately 4 AM EST. We apologize for any inconvenience this will cause.
New Publications
(1) ACL Anthology Reference Corpus is a digital archive of 10,291 research papers in computational linguistics sponsored by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). Also available from the ACL, this release contains most of the papers that appear up to February 2007 in the web-based ACL Anthology, a dynamic repository that currently hosts over 16,500 articles drawn from a range of conferences and workshops as well as past issues of the Computational Linguistics journal. The ACL Anthology Reference Corpus is designed to be a standard, real-world digital collection testbed for experiments in bibliographic and bibliometric research.
The ACL is the international scientific and professional society for scholars working on problems involving natural language and computation. Membership includes the ACL quarterly journal, Computational Linguistics, reduced registration at most ACL-sponsored conferences, discounts on ACL-sponsored publications and participation in ACL Special Interest Groups. Since 1988, Computational Linguistics has been the primary forum for research on computational linguistics and natural language processing.
The material in the ACL Anthology Reference Corpus was scanned at 600dpi grayscale for archival storage, down-sampled to 300dpi black-and-white, assembled into articles and stored in the PDF Image with Hidden Text format. Author and title metadata was extracted from the OCRed text and used to build HTML index pages. Older materials, such as conference proceedings from the 1960s and early volumes of Computational Linguistics, were manually digitized from microfiche slides.
ACL Reference Anthology includes:
10,921 PDF files in the pdf/anthology-PDF tree. 13,551 files with metadata described in the metadata/anthology-XML tree 84,542 pages in the PDF files ACL Anthology Reference Corpus is distributed on four DVD-ROM.
2009 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus. 2009 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$75. ACL Anthology Reference Corpus is made available for research-only use under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial Share Alike 3.0 license.
(2) Arabic Gigaword Fourth Edition is a comprehensive archive of Arabic newswire text that has been acquired over several years at LDC. Arabic Gigaword Fourth Edition includes all of the content of Arabic Gigaword Third Edition (LDC2007T40) as well as newly-collected data. In addition, three new sources have been added in the fourth edition: Al-Ahram, Asharq Al-Awsat and Al-Quds Al-Arabi.
Nine distinct international sources of Arabic newswire are represented here:
Al-Ahram (ahr_arb) Asharq Al-Awsat (aaw_arb) Agence France Presse (afp_arb) Assabah (asb_arb) Al Hayat (hyt_arb) An Nahar (nhr_arb) Al-Quds Al-Arabi (qds_arb) Ummah Press (umh_arb) Xinhua News Agency (xin_arb) The seven-character codes shown above represent both the directory names where the data files are found and the 7-letter prefix that appears at the beginning of every file name. The 7-letter codes consist of the three-character source name IDs and the three-character language code ("arb") separated by an underscore ("_") character.
These news services all use Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), so there should be a fairly limited scope for orthographic and lexical variation due to regional Arabic dialects.
New in the Fourth Edition
New Sources This release marks the first edition of Arabic Gigaword to include content from Al-Ahram, Asharq Al-Awsat and Al-Quds Al-Arabi covering the period from November 2006 through December 2008.
New Data for Existing Sources This release contains all data collected by LDC from January 2007 through December 2008, except for Ummah Press for which data from January 2005 through December 2008 is included.
The table below shows data quantity by source under the following categories: data source (Source); the number of files per source (#Files); compressed file size (Gzip-MB); uncompressed file size (Totl-MB); the number of space-separated words tokens in the text (K-words); and the number of documents per source (#DOCs).
Arabic Gigaword Fourth Edition is distributed on one DVD-ROM.
2009 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus. 2009 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$5000. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ilya Ahtaridis Membership Coordinator -------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguistic Data Consortium Phone: (215) 573-1275 University of Pennsylvania Fax: (215) 573-2175 3600 Market St., Suite 810 ldc@ldc.upenn.edu Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA http://www.ldc.upenn.edu]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=157<![CDATA[New Publications of Linguistic Data Consortium]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2009-11-21T23:56:49+08:002009-11-21T23:56:49+08:00- LDC at NWAV 38 - New Publications: - 2007 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation Supplemental Training Set - - French Gigaword Second Edition - - NXT Switchboard Annotations - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LDC Incentives: Early Renewal Discounts for Membership Year (MY) 2010
LDC appreciates the important contribution LDC members make through their continued support of the consortium. We would like to invite all current and previous members of LDC to renew for Membership Year (MY) 2010. For MY2010, LDC is pleased to maintain membership fees at last year’s rates – membership fees will not increase. Additionally, in last month's newsletter, we announced an LDC Incentives Package which will include a host of incentives to help lower the cost of LDC membership and data licensing fees. As part of this package, LDC will extend discounts to members who keep their membership current and who join early in the year.
The details of our Early Renewal Discounts for MY2010 are as follows:
organizations who joined for MY2009, will receive a 5% discount when renewing. This discount will apply throughout 2010, regardless of time of renewal. MY2009 members renewing before March 1, 2010 will receive an additional 5% discount, for a total 10% discount off the membership fee. New members as well as organizations who did not join for MY2009, but who held membership in any of the previous MY's (1993-2008), will also be eligible for a 5% discount provided that they join/renew before March 1, 2010. The Membership Fee Table provides exact pricing information.
MY2010 Fee MY2010 Fee with 5% Discount * MY2010 Fee with 10% Discount **
Not-for-Profit
Standard US$2400 US$2280 US$2160
Subscription US$3850 US$3657.50 US$3465
For-Profit
Standard US$24000 US$22800 US$21600
Subscription US$27500 US$26125 US$24750
* For MY2009 Members renewing for MY2010 and any previous year Member who renews before March 1, 2010
** For MY2009 Members renewing before March 1, 2010
Publications for MY2010 are still being planned but it will be another productive year with a broad selection of publications. The working titles of data sets we intend to provide include:
Arabic Treebank: Part 2 v 4.0 Fisher Spanish
Chinese Treebank 7.0 LCTL Bengali
Chinese Web N-gram Version 1.0 NPS Chat Corpus
In addition to receiving new publications, current year members of the LDC also enjoy the benefit of licensing older data at reduced costs; current year for-profit members may use most data for commercial applications.
This past year, nearly 100 organizations who renewed membership or joined early received a discount on membership fees for MY2009. Taken together, these members saved over US$50,000! Be sure to keep an eye out on your mail - all LDC members have been sent an invitation to join letter and renewal invoice for MY2010. Renew early for MY2010 and save today!
LDC at NWAV 38
LDC exhibited at NWAV for the third straight year. We were delighted to interact with so many talented sociolinguistic researchers and to introduce numerous attendees to LDC and our data catalog. LDC distributed free copies of both the SLX Corpus of Classic Sociolinguistic Interviews, as per the terms of the Timebank grant, and the 2008 LDC Spoken Language Sampler, which is available for download here. We also distributed many of our newly minted data sheets, including one featuring the speech annotation tool XTrans. This tool is also freely available from our website in Linux and Windows formats.
LDC’s Executive Director Chris Cieri and Senior Associate Director Stephanie Strassel presented papers on the following topics:
· Models of Phonological Variation for Multi-dialectal Communities: the case of L’Aquila
· Closer Still to a Robust, All Digital, Empirical, Reproducible Sociolinguistic Methodology
Thanks again to everyone who stopped by our display and we look forward to seeing you again next year!
New Publications
(1) 2007 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation Supplemental Training Set consists of 118 hours of conversational telephone speech segments in the following languages and dialects: Arabic (Egyptian colloquial), Bengali, Min Nan Chinese, Wu Chinese, Taiwan Mandarin, Cantonese, Russian, Mexican Spanish, Thai, Urdu and Tamil.
The goal of the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Language Recognition Evaluation (LRE) is to establish the baseline of current performance capability for language recognition of conversational telephone speech and to lay the groundwork for further research efforts in the field. NIST conducted three previous language recognition evaluations, in 1996, 2003 and 2005. The most significant differences between those evaluations and the 2007 task were the increased number of languages and dialects, the greater emphasis on a basic detection task for evaluation and the variety of evaluation conditions. Thus, in 2007, given a segment of speech and a language of interest to be detected (i.e., a target language), the task was to decide whether that target language was in fact spoken in the given telephone speech segment (yes or no), based on an automated analysis of the data contained in the segment.
The supplemental training material in this release consists of the following:
Approximately 53 hours of conversational telephone speech segments in Arabic (Egyptian colloquial), Bengali, Cantonese, Min Nan Chinese,Wu Chinese, Russian, Thai and Urdu. This material is taken from LDC's CALLHOME, CALLFRIEND and Mixer collections. Approximately 65 hours of full telephone conversations in Mandarin Chinese (Taiwan), Spanish (Mexican) and Tamil. This material was collected by oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, oregon. The test segments used in the 2005 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation were derived from these full conversations. In addition to the supplemental material contained in this release, the training data for the 2007 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation consisted of data from previous LRE evaluation test sets, namely, 2003 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation and 2005 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation.
2007 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation Supplemental Training Set is distributed on one DVD-ROM.
2009 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus. 2009 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$1500.
(2) French Gigaword Second Edition is a comprehensive archive of newswire text data that has been acquired over several years by LDC. This second edition updates French Gigaword First Edition (LDC2006T7) and adds material collected from August 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008.
The two distinct international sources of French newswire in this edition, and the time spans of collection covered for each, are as follows:
Agence France-Presse (afp_fre) May 1994 - Dec 2008 Associated Press Worldstream, French (apw_fre) Nov 1994 - Dec 2008 The seven-letter codes in parentheses include the three-character source name abbreviations and the three-character language code ("fre") separated by an underscore ("_") character. The three-letter language code conforms to LDC's internal convention based on the ISO 639-3 standard. These codes are used in the directory names where the data files are found and in the prefix that appears at the beginning of every data file name. They are also used (in all UPPER CASE) as the initial portion of the DOC "id" strings that uniquely identify each news story.
The overall totals for each source are summarized below. The "Totl-MB" numbers show the amount of data obtained when the files are uncompressed (i.e., approximately 15 gigabytes, total); the "Gzip-MB" column shows totals for compressed file sizes as stored on the DVD-ROM; and the "K-wrds" numbers are the number of whitespace-separated tokens (of all types) after all SGML tags are eliminated.
Source #Files Gzip-MB Totl-MB K-wrds #DOCs
AFP_FRE 172 2408 4079 560000 2060803
APW_FRE 171 2280 1719 241324 0872573
TOTAL 343 4688 5789 801324 2933376
The data has undergone a consistent extent of quality control to eliminate out-of-band content and other obvious forms of corruption. Since the source data is generated manually on a daily basis, there will be a small percentage of human errors common to all sources: missing whitespace, incorrect or variant spellings, badly formed sentences, and so on, as are normally seen in newspapers. No attempt has been made to address this property of the data.
French Gigaword Second Edition is distributed on one DVD-ROM.
2009 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus. 2009 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$4000.
(3) NXT Switchboard Annotations, brings together in NITE XML, a single XML format, the multiple layers of annotation performed on a transcript subset from Switchboard 1- Release 2, LDC97S62. NXT Switchboard Annotations was developed in a collaboration among researchers from Edinburgh University, Stanford University and the University of Washington.
The original Switchboard corpus is a collection of spontaneous telephone conversations between previously unacquainted speakers of American English on a variety of topics chosen from a pre-determined list. A subset of one million words from those conversations was annotated for syntactic structure and disfluencies as part of the Penn Treebank project. Phonetic transcripts were generated by the International Computer Science Institute, University of California Berkeley and later corrected by the Institute for Signal Information Processing, Mississippi State Univeristy. The Penn Treebank transcripts provided the basis for the NXT Switchboard corpus, and the noun phrases from that subset were annotated for animacy. The Treebank transcript was then aligned with the corresponding subset from the corrected Mississippi State (MS-State) transcript in order to provide word timing information. Focus/contrast and prosodic annotations, as well as phone/syllable alignment were next added to the annotations. The previous annotations of dialog acts and prosody were converted to NITE XML. Lastly, hand annotations for markables were added to provide information about their animacy and information structure, including coreferential links.
NXT is an open source toolkit that enables multiple linguistic annotations to be assembled into a unified database. It uses a stand-off XML data format that consists of several XML files that point to each other. The NXT format provides a data model that describes how the various annotations for a corpus relate to one another. For that reason, it does not impose any particular linguistic theory or any particular markup structure. Instead, users define their annotations in a "metadata" file that expresses their contents and how they relate to each other in terms of the graph structure for the corpus annotations overall. The relationships that can be defined in the data model draw annotations together into a set of intersecting trees, but also allow arbitrary links between annotations over the top of this structure, giving a representation that is highly expressive, easier to process than arbitrary graphs and structured in a way that helps data users. NXT's other core component is a query language designed specifically for working with data conforming to this data model. Together, the data model and query language allow annotations to be treated as one coherent set containing both structural and timing information.
NXT Switchboard Annotations is distributed via web download.
2009 Subscription Members will automatically receive two copies of this corpus. 2009 Standard Members may request a copy as part of their 16 free membership corpora. Non-members may license this data for US$25. NXT Switchboard Annotations is made available to LDC not-for-profit members and all non-members under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial Share Alike 3.0 license. NXT Switchboard Annotations is available to LDC's for-profit members under the terms of their For-Profit Membership Agreements. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ilya Ahtaridis Membership Coordinator ------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguistic Data Consortium Phone: (215) 573-1275 University of Pennsylvania Fax: (215) 573-2175 3600 Market St., Suite 810 ldc@ldc.upenn.edu Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA http://www.ldc.upenn.edu]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=155<![CDATA[课程参考书推荐：汉语多媒体教学课件设计]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2009-11-12T21:53:26+08:002009-11-12T21:53:26+08:00丛书名：对外汉语教学专业教材系列 作者：郑艳群编著 出版社：北京语言文化大学出版社 出版日期：2009年8月1日 ISBN：978-7-5619-2400-6 开本：16开 页数：(19), 206页 装帧：平装 定价：￥58.00 内容摘要 多媒体教学为目前语言课堂教学的发展趋势。本书是作者在多年多媒体教学讲义的基础上总结编写的，其特点是通俗易懂、针对性强、指导性强、目录详尽，可供教师培训和自学使用。 目录 绪论 一、多媒体技术及应用 二、多媒体语言教学的现状 三、课什设计的主要内容和作用 1. 什么是课件设计 2. 课件设计的主要内容 3. 课件设计的作用
第五章 教材的编写与研究 第一节 对外汉语教材的编写如何面对新的世纪 第二节 规划教材《中国传统文化》编写思想的反思 第三节 编写《中国文学史教程》的指导思想 附录：作者参加的对外汉语教学学术活动一览表]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=152<![CDATA[新书推荐：第二语言语用习得]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2009-10-02T13:49:06+08:002009-10-02T13:49:06+08:00作者: 杨仙菊 出版社: 国防工业出版社 出版日期: 2009年 ISBN: 9787118062663，7118062669 定价: ￥25.00 元 内容提要： 《第二语言语用习得:中国学习者英语请求语言行为习得研究》在中介语语用学(Interlanguage Pragmatics)理论指导下，研究母语为汉语的学习者英语语用能力习得的特点和规律。采取横向设计，收集不同英语水平的学习者产生的英语“请求”言语行为语篇并分别与英、汉语本族语者语料进行比较发现：不同语言水平的学习者的语用能力处于不同的发展阶段，其“请求”言语行为体现出不同的中介语特征。除语言水平外，学习者二语语用能力的习得过程受母语语用迁移、课堂教学中的语用输入等因素的影响。本研究的发现对语用教学的大纲制定和教学过程具有一定的指导作用。 编辑推荐： 《第二语言语用习得:中国学习者英语请求语言行为习得研究》是在作者的博士论文基础上修改而成的。在中介语语用学（Interlanguage：Pragmatics）理论指导下，研究母语为汉语的学习者英语语用能力习得的特点和规律以及影响二语语用习得的因素。 目录： Chapter One Introduction. 1.1 Research background 1.2 Significance of the present study 1.3 organization of the book
Chapter Two Acquisitional Issues in Interlanguage Pragmatics 2.1 Pragmatic competence 2.1.1 Communicative competence 2.1.2 A working definition of pragmatic competence 2.2 The definition and scope of Intedanguage Pragmatics (ILP) 2.3 The theoretical perspectives of L2 pragmatic acquisition 2.3.1 Cognitive processing 2.3.2 Relevance theory (RT) 2.3.3 The complexification hypothesis 2.4 Factors influencing L2 pragmatic acquisition 2.4.1 Classroom instruction 2.4.2 Pragmatic transfer 2.4.3 Grammatical competence 2.5 Methodology in doing acquisitional research 2.5.1 Developmental research designs 2.5.2 Data collection instruments 2.6 Summary
Chapter Three Studies on the Speech Act of Requests 3.1 Definition and taxonomy of requests 3.1.1 Defining requests 3.1.2 A taxonomy of requests 3.2 Illocutionary aspects of requests 3.2.1 Request strategies 3.2.2 Internal modification (1M) 3.2.3 External modification (EM) 3.3 Studies on the speech act of requests 3.3.1 Cross-cultural research on requests 3.3.2 Developmental research on requests 3.3.3 Studies on requests by Chinese researchers 3.4 Summary
Chapter Four Research Design 4.1 Research questions 4.2 Informants 4.2.1 Criteria in selecting informants 4.2.2 Learner informants 4.2.3 Native informants 4.3 Research instruments 4.3.1 Background questionnaire 4.3.2 Developing request scenarios.. 4.3.3 The production questionnaire and sociopragmatic assessment questionnaire 4.4 Data collection 4.5 Data analysis framework 4.5.1 Request strategies 4.5.2 Internal modification 4.5.3 External modification 4.5.4 Procedures of data analysis 4.6 Summary
Chapter Five Data Analysis and Discussion 5.1 Request strategies 5.1.1 Total number of strategies 5.1.2 Directness 5.1.3 Conventional indirectness 5.1.4 Non-conventional indirectness (Hints) 5.1.5 Combination of individual strategies 5.1.6 Opting out 5.1.7 Summary and discussion of request strategies 5.2 Internal modification 5.2.1 Overall per[ormanee of internal modification 5.2.2 Syntactic downgraders 5.2.3 Lexical/phrasal downgraders 5.2.4 Upgraders 5.2.5 Combination of IM 5.2.6 ZerolM 5.2.7 Summary and discussion of internal modification 5.3 External modification 5.3.1 Overall performance of supportive moves 5.3.2 Employment of supportive moves by situation 5.3.3 Summary and discussion of external modification 5.4 Situational variation in requesting behavior 5.4.1 Sociopragrnatic assessment questionnaire 5.4.2 Assessment of social parameters across groups 5.4.3 Assessment of social parameters across situations 5.4.4 Perception of social parameters and choice of request strategies 5.4.5 Summary and discussion of sociopragmatic competence 5.5 The effect of L1 pragmatic transfer on L2 request acquisition 5.5.1 Request strategies and L1 influence 5.5.2 lntenal modification and L1 influence 5.5.3 External modification and L1 influence 5.5.4 Summary of transfer effect 5.6 Summary: Overall developmental features of English requests
Chapter Six The Role of Instruction in [2 Pragmatic Development 6.1 Negative effect of instruct}on on 1_2 pragmatic development 6.1.1 Metapragmatic input 6.1.2 Classroom discourse 6.1.3 Grammar-oriented Pedagogy 6 2 Need for instruction of L2 pragmatics 6.2.1 Curricula 6.2.2 Teaching materials 6.2.3 Instruction of L2 speech acts 6.3 Summary
Chapter Seven Conclusion 7.1 Summary of findings 7.2 Factors influencing L2 pragmatic development 7.3 Limitations of the present study and directions for future research References Appendix 1 Questionnaire for Chinese learners Appendix 2 Questionnaire for Chinese native speakers Appendix 3 Qnestiomnaire for English native speakers... …… 书摘： Motivated by an acquisitional approach to interlanguge re- search，the present study meets the need for developmental re- search of Interlanguge Pragmatics and the need for exploration into learners of English with different L1 backgrounds，in parti- cular，Chinese，thus enriching the bulk of research in the field of both SLA and pragmatics.Thus far，a large number of Interlan- guage Pragmatics studies have primarily focused on the compari- son of the realization patterns of requests in two languages（e.g.，Blum-Kulka Olshtain，1986；Blum-Kulka，et al，1989；Car- cia，1993；Hill，1997；Hassall，2003；Byon，2004）rather than ex- ploring the various factors influencing pragmatic development（e.g.，L1 transfer，input，instruction）.So is the case in China.For example，substantial cross-cultural studies deal with the similari- ties and differences between Chinese and English realization pat- terns of requests，the universality of politeness phenomena，the social factors influencing the performance of requests，the prag- matic failures found in inter-cultural communication（including requests），and so on.However，few studies have explored how Chinese learners acquire English pragmatic knowledge.]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=151<![CDATA[新书推荐：牛津计算语言学手册]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2009-10-02T13:34:31+08:002009-10-02T13:34:31+08:00英文书名：The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics 丛书名：当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库 著译者：米特科夫(英)著 出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 出版日期：2009-09-11 ISBN：978-7-5600-8913-3 开本：16开 页数：836页 装订：平 定价：109.90 内容简介： 本书是一部手册性的计算语言学专著，收录了包括语言学家、计算机专家和语言工程人员在内的50位学者撰写的综述性文章，全面地反映了国外计算语言学主要领域的最新成果，是我们了解国外计算语言学发展动向的一个窗口。 全书各章写作风格一致，内容协调，浑然一体，使用有趣的实例来介绍艰深的技术问题，而且尽量不使用繁难的数学公式，尤其适合文科背景的读者阅读。对于那些对计算语言学感兴趣和刚入门的读者而言，本书也是一本必备的参考书。 章节目录： Preface Abbreviations Introduction PART I FUNDAMENTALS PART II PROCESSES, METHODS, AND RESOURCES PART III APPLICATIONS]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=150<![CDATA[新书推荐：语用学]]>adminhttp://www.luweixmu.com/home/luwig@xmu.edu.cn2009-10-02T13:29:08+08:002009-10-02T13:29:08+08:00英文书名：Pragmatics 丛书名：当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库 著译者：黄衍著 出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 出版日期：2009-08-21 ISBN：978-7-5600-8826-6 开本：16开 页数：380页 装订：平 定价：46.90 内容简介： 本书作者对语用学与句法学以及语义学的界面进行研究，为我们展现了一幅比较完整的语用学研究图景。全书见解独到、内容新颖，是一部优秀的语用学教科书。本书作者黄衍早年留学英国，师从著名语言学家StephenC.Levionson，获剑桥大学博士学位，后再获牛津大学博士学位，并曾在这两所大学及雷丁大学执教。黄衍现为新西兰奥克兰大学语言学及应用语言学系教授。 章节目录： Preface Acknowledgements Symbols and abbreviations Part I Central topics in pragmatics Part II Pragmatics and its interfaces Glossary References Suggested solutions to exercises Index of names Index of languages, language families, and language areas Index of subjects]]>http://www.luweixmu.com/home/default.asp?id=149